Hong Kong


MERCHANT SHIPPING (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ORDINANCE
　(CHAPTER 413)
　ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
　　
　　ion
　　
　　I　　　　PRELIMINARY
　　hort title
　　nterpretation
　　
　　II　　　 REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
　　egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
　　enalty for taking detained ship to sea
　　
　　III　　　SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
　　pplication of Part III
　　hipping casualties
　　irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
　　ffences in relation to section 6
　　ervice of directions under section 6
　　Enforcement of fines
　　Saving of rights of action, etc.
　　
　　IV　　　 SAVINGS, AMENDMENTS AND REPEALS
　　Savings, amendments and repeals
　　
　　dule. (Omitted)
　　
　　rdinance to provide for the prevention and control of　pollution　
from
　　s and for incidental or related matters.
　　January 1991] L. N. 14 of 1991
　PART I PRELIMINARY
　　
　　hort title
　　Ordinance may be cited　as　the　Merchant　Shipping　
(Prevention　and
　　rol of Pollution) Ordinance.
　　nterpretation
　　his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
　　trol" includes contain and reduce;
　　ector" means the Director of Marine;
　　charge" means any release, howsoever caused, from a ship and　
includes
　　escape, disposal, spilling, leaking, pumping,　emitting　or　
emptying;
　　does not include--
　　dumping within the meaning of the　Convention　on　the　
Prevention　of
　　ne Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter signed in
London on
　　ovember 1972; or
　　any release directly arising from the　exploration,　
exploitation　and
　　ciated off-shore processing of sea-bed mineral resources; or
　　any release for the purposes of legitimate　scientific　research　
into
　　ution abatement or control;
　　g Kong ship" means--
　　a ship registered in Hong Kong; and
　　a vessel required to be licensed under Part IV　of　the　Shipping　
and
　　Control Ordinance (Cap. 313);
　　" means oil of any description and includes spirit produced　from　
oil
　　ny description and also includes coal tar;
　　p" means a vessel of any　type　whatsoever　operating　in　the　
marine
　　ronment and includes a hydrofoil, hovercraft, submersible or　
floating
　　t and a fixed or floating platform.
　PART II REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
　　
　　egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
　　In this section--
　　vention" means the International　Convention　for　the　
Prevention　of
　　ution from Ships (including its　protocols,　annexes　and　
appendices)
　　h constitutes Attachment 1 to　the　Final　Act　of　the　
International
　　erence on Marine Pollution signed in London on　2　November　
1973,　as
　　fied by any international agreement referred to in subsection (2)
(b)
　　);
　　tocol" means the Protocol (including the annex　thereto)　
relating　to
　　Convention which constitutes Attachment 2 to　the　Final　Act　
of　the
　　rnational Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention　
signed
　　ondon on 17 February 1978, as modified by any international　
agreement
　　rred to in subsection　(2)　(b)　(iii);　"substance　other　
than　oil"
　　udes sewage and garbage of any kind.
　　The Governor in Council may make regulations--
　　relating to the prevention or control of pollution of the sea or
other
　　rs by oil, or any substance other than oil, from ships; and
　　for giving effect to--
　　the Convention;
　　the Protocol; and
　　) any other international agreement (whether　made　by　
resolution　or
　　rwise) which relates to the prevention or control of pollution
of　the
　　or other waters by oil, or any substance other than　oil,　from　
ships
　　which applies to Hong Kong, including any agreement which
modifies any
　　r such agreement.
　　Regulations made under this section may be expressed to apply--
　　to Hong Kong ships, wherever they may be; and
　　to other ships while they are within the waters of Hong Kong.
　　
　　Regulations made under this section may provide that the　
regulations,
　　ny provisions thereof, shall come into force on a　date　
specified　in
　　regulations which is earlier than the date on which the　
international
　　ement to which the regulations relate comes into force.
　　Without limiting the generality of subsection　(2),　
regulations　made
　　r this section may include provisions--
　　for the approval of　documents,　the　appointment　of　
surveyors,　the
　　ying out of　surveys　and　inspections　and　the　rendering　
of　other
　　ices for the purposes of the regulations,　whether　in　Hong　
Kong　or
　　where,　and　for　the　issue,　duration,　effect　and　
recognition　of
　　ificates for those purposes;
　　for the keeping, carriage and inspection of　record　books　and　
other
　　rds of operations involving oil, or any substance other than　oil,　
on
　　d ships;
　　for the　prohibition,　regulation　and　control　of　the　
loading　and
　　iage on board ships, and the unloading or discharge from ships,
of oil
　　ny substance other than oil and for procedures relating thereto;
　　for the design and construction of, and the equipment and fittings　
on
　　d, ships carrying oil or any substance other than oil;
　　for the compulsory reporting of incidents involving pollution　
or　the
　　at of pollution for the purpose of giving effect to Protocol I
　　visions concerning reports on incidents involving harmful　
substances)
　　he Convention;
　　for the payment of fees (whether prescribed under this Ordinance,　
the
　　hant Shipping Ordinance (Cap. 281) or otherwise)　in　respect　
of　any
　　ey, inspection, certificate, service or other matter provided　
for　by
　　regulations;
　　that contraventions of the regulations shall be offences
punishable by
　　lties not exceeding--
　　on conviction upon indictment, a fine of $5,000,000 and, in　the　
case
　　n individual, imprisonment for 2 years;
　　on summary conviction, a fine of $500,000;
　　that in the case of any such contravention an offence is committed
by-
　　the master and the owner of the ship concerned; and
　　where the contravention is due to the　act　or　omission　of　
another
　　on, that person;
　　for denying entry of any ship to the waters of Hong Kong in respect
of
　　h any such contravention is believed to have occurred;
　　for detaining any ship in respect of which any such　
contravention　is
　　eved to have occurred and for notifying the relevant consular
officer
　　any) of the detention and of any proceedings against the ship;
and
　　for the admission of prescribed or specified documents　and　
certified
　　es of documents as evidence in legal proceedings,
　　the regulations may--
　　make different provisions for different circumstances or　in　
relation
　　ifferent classes or descriptions of ships;
　　provide for exemptions from any　provisions　of　the　
regulations　in
　　ect of different classes or descriptions of ships;
　　) provide for the granting by the Director, on such terms (if any)　
as
　　ay specify, of exemptions from any provisions of　the　
regulations　in
　　ect of any ship, or　class　or　description　of　ships,　and　
for　the
　　ration or cancellation of any such exemption;
　　provide for the approval by　the　Director　of　equivalent　
fittings,
　　pment or procedures as alternatives to those prescribed;
　　provide　for　the　delegation　of　powers　exercisable　and　
functions
　　ormable by virtue of the regulations;
　　provide for the application of the regulations to the Crown; and
　　) include such incidental, supplemental and transitional
provisions as
　　ar to the Governor in Council to be expedient for the purposes
of　the
　　lations.
　　
　　Any fees prescribed under this Ordinance--
　　may be fixed at levels which provide for the recovery　of　
expenditure
　　rred or likely to be incurred by the Government or other authority　
in
　　tion generally to the administration, regulation and control　of　
Hong
　　ships and of ports, ships and navigation in the waters of Hong　
Kong,
　　shall not be limited by reference to the amount of　
administrative　or
　　r costs incurred or likely to be incurred　in　the　provision　
of　any
　　icular service, facility or matter; and
　　may, without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (a), be
fixed at
　　erent amounts in relation to different sizes of ship, whether
measured
　　onnage, length or otherwise, or　in　relation　to　different　
classes,
　　s or descriptions of service, facility or ship.
　　
　　enalty for taking detained ship to sea
　　Where a ship is authorized or ordered to be detained under
regulations
　　under this Part, and after such detention or　after　service　on　
the
　　er of any notice of or order for such detention, the ship proceeds　
or
　　mpts to proceed to sea before having　been　released　by　a　
competent
　　ority, the master of the ship commits an offence and is　liable　
to　a
　　of $500,000 and to imprisonment for 2 years;　and　if　the　
owner　or
　　t or any person who sends the ship to sea is party　or　privy　to　
the
　　nce he also commits an offence and is liable to the same
punishment.
　　Where a ship proceeds to sea in contravention of subsection (1)
whilst
　　ng on board a public officer who is acting in　the　execution　of　
his
　　, the master and owner of the ship--
　　in addition to any punishment　to　which　they　may　be　liable　
under
　　ection (1), both commit an offence against　this　subsection　
and　are
　　liable to imprisonment for 6 months and to a fine of $20,000　and　
an
　　tional fine of $1,000 for each day during the period from the date　
on
　　h the ship proceeded to sea　until　the　date　on　which　the　
officer
　　rns to Hong Kong or, if he does not　return　directly　to　Hong　
Kong,
　　d have returned if he had travelled by the quickest practicable
route;
　　
　　are jointly and severally liable to pay to the Government all
expenses
　　dental to the taking of the officer to sea and to securing his　
return
　　ong Kong.
　　Expenses referred to in subsection (2) (b) may be recovered as
if they
　　a fine imposed by a magistrate.
　PART III SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
　　
　　pplication of Part III
　　Subject to subsections (2) and (3), this Part shall apply in　
relation
　　ll ships whether within or outside the waters of Hong Kong.
　　As respects a ship which--
　　is not a Hong Kong ship; and
　　is for the time being outside the waters of Hong Kong,
　　power conferred on the governor by section 6 (2)　to　give　
directions
　　only be exercised in relation to--
　　an　individual　who　is　a　British　citizen,　a　British　
Dependent
　　itories citizen, a British Overseas citizen or who under the Hong
Kong
　　tish Nationality) Order 1986 (App. III, p. EG1) is a British
National
　　rseas); or
　　a body corporate which is established under the laws　of　Hong　
Kong,
　　section 8 (2) shall apply to such　an　individual　or　body　
corporate
　　.
　　No direction under section 6 (2) shall apply　to　any　vessel　
of　Her
　　sty's navy or to any ship not forming part of Her Majesty's navy
which
　　ngs to Her Majesty or is held by any person on behalf of　or　for　
the
　　fit of the Crown in right of Her Majesty's Government　in　the　
United
　　dom or Her Majesty's Government in Hong Kong, and no action　shall　
be
　　n under section 6 (4) or (5) as respects any such vessel or ship.
　　
　　hipping casualties
　　The powers conferred by this section may be exercised where--
　　an accident has occurred to or in a ship; and
　　in the opinion of the Governor--
　　oil, or any substance other than oil, from the ship will or may　
cause
　　ution on a large scale in Hong Kong or in the waters of Hong Kong;
　　if the ship is one referred to　in　section　5　(2),　the　
danger　of
　　ution is grave and imminent; and
　　) the exercise of the powers conferred by　this　section　is　
urgently
　　ed.
　　For the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or　the　
risk　of
　　ution, the Governor may give directions as respects the　ship　or　
its
　　o--
　　to the owner of the ship, or to any person in possession or control
of
　　ship; or
　　to the master of the ship; or
　　to any salvor in possession of the ship, or to any person who　is　
the
　　ant or agent of any such salvor, and who is in charge of the　
relevant
　　age operation.
　　Directions under subsection (2) may require the person　to　whom　
they
　　given to take,　or　refrain　from　taking,　any　action　of　
any　kind
　　soever, and without limiting　the　generality　of　the　
foregoing　the
　　ctions may require--
　　that the ship is to be, or is not to be, moved--
　　to or from a specified place, area or locality;
　　over a specified route; or
　　that any oil or other cargo is to be, or is not　to　be,　unloaded　
or
　　harged; or
　　that specified salvage measures are to be, or are not to be, taken.
　　If in the opinion of the Governor the powers conferred by
subsection
　　are, or have proved to be, inadequate for the　purpose,　the　
Governor
　　for the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or the　risk　
of
　　ution, take, as respects the ship or its cargo, any action of any
kind
　　soever, and without limiting　the　generality　of　the　
foregoing　the
　　rnor may--
　　do anything he has power to require to be done by　a　direction　
under
　　ection (2);
　　cause operations to be undertaken for the sinking　or　
destruction　of
　　ship, or any part of it, of a kind which is not within　the　means　
of
　　person to whom he may give such a direction;
　　cause operations to be undertaken which involve taking over
control of
　　ship.
　　The powers of the Governor under subsection (4) may also be　
exercised
　　uch persons as may be authorized in that behalf by the Governor.
　　A person concerned in complying with directions given,　or　in　
action
　　n, under this section shall use his best endeavours to avoid　risk　
to
　　n life.
　　Nothing in this section shall derogate from or　affect　any　
right　or
　　r of the Government existing apart from　this　section　whether　
under
　　rnational law or otherwise.
　　
　　Any action taken as respects a　ship　which　is　under　arrest　
or　as
　　ects the cargo of such a ship, being action taken　under　a　
direction
　　n under subsection (2), or under subsection (4) or (5)--
　　does not constitute contempt of court; and
　　shall not constitute a ground or cause of action in legal　
proceedings
　　ituted against the Government.
　　In this section--
　　ident" includes the loss, stranding, abandonment of　or　damage　
to　a
　　; "any substance other than oil" means--
　　any substance specified in an order made under subsection (10);
and
　　any other substance which is　liable　to　create　a　hazard　to　
human
　　th, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage　
amenities　or
　　nterfere with other legitimate uses of the sea;
　　cified", in relation　to　a　direction　under　subsection　(2),　
means
　　ified in the direction.
　　The Governor may, by order published　in　the　Gazette,　
specify　any
　　tance for the purposes of the definition of "any substance other　
than
　　in subsection (9).
　　
　　irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
　　If any action taken under a direction under section 6　(2),　or　
under
　　ion 6 (4) or (5)--
　　was not reasonably necessary to prevent or reduce pollution or,
as may
　　ppropriate, the risk of pollution; or
　　was　such　that　the　good　it　did　or　was　 likely　 to　
do　 was
　　roportionately less than the expense incurred, or damage suffered,　
as
　　sult of the action,
　　rson incurring expense or suffering damage as a result of the　
action,
　　f himself having taken the action, shall　be　entitled　to　
claim　and
　　ver compensation from the Government.
　　In determining whether subsection (1) applies in　a　particular　
case,
　　unt shall be taken of--
　　the extent and risk of pollution if the action had not been taken;
　　the likelihood of the action being effective; and
　　the extent of the damage which has been caused by the action.
　　Any reference in this section to the taking of any action　
includes　a
　　rence to a compliance with a direction　not　to　take　some　
specified
　　on.
　　ffences in relation to section 6
　　A person to whom a direction is given under section 6 (2) who fails
to
　　ly with any requirement of the direction, commits an offence.
　　A person who wilfully obstructs any person who is--
　　acting on behalf of the Governor in　connection　with　the　
giving　or
　　ice of a direction under section 6 (2);
　　acting in compliance with such a direction; or
　　acting under subsection (4) or (5) of that section,
　　its an offence.
　　In proceedings for an offence under subsection　(1),　it　shall　
be　a
　　nce for the accused to prove that--
　　he used all due diligence to secure compliance with the direction;
or
　　he had reasonable cause for believing that such compliance would　
have
　　lved a serious risk to human life.
　　A person who commits an offence under this section is liable-
-
　　on conviction upon indictment, to a fine of $5,000,000;
　　on summary conviction, to a fine of $500,000.
　　ervice of directions under section 6
　　If the Governor is satisfied that a company or other body
corporate is
　　one to which section 338 or 356 of the Companies Ordinance　(Cap.　
32)
　　ies so as to authorize the service of a direction on that　body　
under
　　er of those sections, he may give a direction under section 6 (2)--
　　to that body, as the owner of, or the person in possession or　
control
　　a ship, by serving the direction on the master of the ship; or
　　to that body, as a salvor, by serving the direction on the　person　
in
　　ge of the salvage operations.
　　For the purpose of giving or serving a direction under section　
6　(2)
　　r on any person on a ship, a person acting on behalf of　the　
Governor
　　l have the right to go on board the ship.
　　
　　Enforcement of fines
　　e a fine imposed in proceedings against the owner or master of
a　ship
　　an offence under this Part is not paid at　the　time　ordered　by　

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深入分析交通事故当事人权利义务关系
准确制作事故认定

《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》（以下简称《实施条例》）第九十一条规定“公安机关交通管理部门应当根据交通事故当事人的行为对发生交通事故所起的作用以及过错的严重程度，确定当事人的责任”。这是我们制作交通事故认定书，确认当事人交通事故责任的原则。该原则强调两点：（1）行为在交通事故中的作用，也就是“因果关系”；（2）过错的严重程度。这个原则赋予了公安机关交通管理部门在依法认定交通事故时极大的自由裁量权。
近年来，我国机动车保有量激增，交通事故发案率居高不下，交通事故认定成为现代社会关注的焦点。2000年3月8日颁布实施的《最高人民法院关于执行若干问题的解释》第十二条规定“与具体行政行为有法律上利害关系的公民、法人或者其他组织对该行为不服的，可以依法提起行政诉讼”，该规定为交通事故认定纳入行政诉讼范围，扫除了障碍。从此，对交通事故认定不服，当事人可以通过行政诉讼寻求司法救济。
如今，越来越多的交通事故案件因当事人对认定结论不服进入行政诉讼程序寻求司法救济。如何依法使用自由裁量权，作好交通事故认定工作，公正、公平地认定交通事故责任，同时在可能引起的交通事故认定行政诉讼中立于不败之地呢？笔者认为：首先，必须依法确认事故中各方当事人的法定义务；其次，依法确认各方当事人法定义务的优先原则；第三，确认各方当事人的行为在交通事故中的作用和过错的严重程度；第四，根据各方当事人的行为在交通事故中的作用和过错的严重程度确认不同的交通事故责任。
案例：2004年9月,凌晨，晴，某高速公路上直线路段，一驾驶人在过度疲劳的状态下驾驶东风中型货车遇到占用部分行车道正在左侧后轮处修理因故障骑压硬路肩与行车道分界线停放的解放中型货车，东风中型货车驾驶人在车头与解放中型货车左侧车门扶手几乎平齐时，才发现解放中型货车，导致二修车人与东风中型货车右侧后轮碰撞后当场死亡。
该高速公路为双向四车道，发生事故时，东风中型货车在右侧行车道内行驶，装载符合法律规定。驾驶人自述车速为40km/h，路面上没有该车的制动印记。解放中型货车停车时占用行车道65cm，行车道宽385cm，右侧行车道内散落有手电筒、扳手、该车左后轮处有卸下的半轴螺丝。危险报警闪光灯持续开启，在来车方向没有设置警告标志。
一、确认事故中各方当事人的权利义务
高速公路上驾驶人在顺行方向右侧车道内行驶，驾驶人的义务是：遇到前方车辆时速低于本车车速，（1）有超车的义务；（2）与前车保持安全车距的义务。
东风中型货车以40km/h在高速公路上行驶，应该具备的义务是：遇到前方车辆时速低于本车车速，（1）有超车的义务；（2）与前车保持安全车距的义务。
按照《实施条例》规定，东风中型货车的法定时速范围在60km/h—100km/h之间，当东风中型货车以100km/h的速度行驶，遇到前方车辆时速为60km/h时，相对速度差为100-60=40km/h。此时，东风中型货车要保持己方速度，就要驶入超车道，实施超车操作，同时，必须保证超车中双方车辆的安全。
当东风中型货车行驶中接近解放中型货车时，两车的相对速度是40km/h，同时负有同前车保持安全车距的要求。
解放中型货车因故障车辆无法离开行车道，驾驶人应当按照《道路交通安全法》第五十二条和第六十八条一款的规定办理，警告标志应当设置在故障车来车方向一百五十米以外，车上人员应当迅速转移到右侧路肩上或者应急车道内，并且迅速报警”。该车驾驶人没有履行“扩大示警范围”法定义务，也没有迅速转移到右侧路肩上，侵犯了东风中型货车的路权，在事故中致使二修车人死亡。
二、行为在交通事故中的作用
1、速度（违法停车）在事故中的作用
发生事故前，东风中型货车以40km/h的时速在高速公路上行驶，因为没有影响其他后续车辆的通行，所以，低速行驶仅仅只是一种违法行为，在事故中没有责任。
发生事故前，东风中型货车以40km/h的时速在高速公路上行驶，遇到前方两个修车人占用了部分行车道修理解放中型货车（速度为零）。此时，两车的速度相对差同样是40km/h。东风中型货车实施的超车过程与正常情况下的超车过程都是消除40km/h的相对速度差，没有任何过高的操作要求。
所以，解放中型货车违法停车，对该事故发生没有作用！
2、未依法履行扩大示警范围在事故中的作用
由于驾驶人“过度疲劳”驾驶，在车头与解放中型货车左侧车门扶手几乎平齐时，才发现开启了危险报警闪光灯的解放中型货车，所以，在这种特定的“过度疲劳”状态下，即使依法履行了扩大示警范围的法定义务，东风中型货车驾驶人依然不能发现解放中型货车！因此，解放中型货车未依法履行扩大示警范围对该事故发生没有作用！
综上1、2所述，解放中型货车没有履行《道路交通安全法》第五十二条“ 难以移动的，应当持续开启危险报警闪光灯，并在来车方向设置警告标志等措施扩大示警距离 ”和第六十一条“ 警告标志应当设置在故障车来车方向一百五十米以外 ”的法定义务，仅仅只是违法情节，在事故中没有作用！
没有尽到安全超车的义务，是因为“过度疲劳驾驶”。
由于没有尽到安全超车的义务，导致发生事故。
三、过错的严重程度
东风中型货车“过度疲劳”，没有尽到安全超车的义务，是导致事故发生的根本原因。
解放中型货车违法停车，二人在行车道内违法修车的行为增大了事故后果。
四、依法认定事故责任
根据《实施条例》第九十一条“公安机关交通管理部门应当根据交通事故当事人的行为对发生交通事故所起的作用以及过错的严重程度，确定当事人的责任”之规定，东风中型货车驾驶人过度疲劳驾驶，未依法履行安全超车义务，是事故发生的原因，负事故主要责任，解放中型货车违法停车，二人在行车道内违法修车，增大了事故后果，负事故次要责任。
如果简单地以“违法停车后违法修车，侵占后续车辆路权”为由，追究解放中型货车违法停车的交通事故责任，那么，就会放纵对“过度疲劳驾驶”的责任追究，严重损害对方当事人的合法权益，有失“公正、公平”的执法理念。
2004-11-14
作者：山西省公安厅交通警察总队高速公路支队十大队 邵军
地址：山西省运城市黄河大道盐湖区人民法院后院 电话：13903592043